With base substitution mutations, only a single nucleotide within a gene sequence is changed, so only one codon is affected (Figure 1). Insertions and deletions are two other types of mutations ...

This process, called mutation, is part of what determines changes in the characteristics of populations across multiple generations.

That point mutation in TKTL1 means that the Neanderthal version of ... “What is quite amazing is that it’s only one amino acid substitution that can make a lot of change. . . . I find it really ...