A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases ... Such direct estimates should not be confused with substitution rates estimated over phylogenetic time spans.

Many kinds of somatic mutations have no obvious effect on an organism ... be inserted in place of a guanine nucleotide. With base substitution mutations, only a single nucleotide within a gene ...

“What is quite amazing is that it’s only one amino acid substitution that can make a lot of ... “That would be interesting to see, studying the combinatorial effect of those mutations,” Marchetto says ...

"Certainly, the substitution effect will take place," Peterson notes, "but that could take time as consumers figure out... where they could buy US-made products." ...