Generally, early and accurate diagnosis of cancer is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and the survival rates of patients 1. Traditional diagnostic approaches like biopsies, radiological ...

Universal Differential Equations (UDEs) combine mechanistic differential equations with data-driven artificial neural networks, forming a flexible framework for modelling complex biological systems.

Governing equations in the form of ordinary and partial differential equations are valuable models for physical systems. However they can be difficult to derive, making them unknown, particularly for ...