With base substitution mutations, only a single nucleotide within a gene sequence is changed, so only one codon is affected (Figure 1). Insertions and deletions are two other types of mutations ...

Thus, nonsense mutations occur when a premature nonsense or stop codon is introduced in the DNA sequence. When the mutated sequence is translated into a protein, the resulting protein is ...

Since a change in the third nucleotide often does not alter amino acids, this redundancy is a safeguard against genetic ...

Synonymous mutations can also influence the speed of translation because the precise codon used determines how quickly it’s translated by ribosomes. For instance, one 2016 study reported that a ...